To achieve efficient resource utilization and expand facility agriculture development, this study explored the feasibility of replacing plastic film with straw mulching in potato production under facility conditions. A randomized block field experiment was conducted using corn and rice straw as mulching materials, investigating the effects of different straw types and mulching amounts on potato yield, quality, and soil physicochemical properties, as well as assessing the value of straw mulching technology under facility conditions. The results showed that, under facility conditions, corn straw mulching at a rate of 8500 kg/ha significantly improved potato yield and marketability, effectively enhancing soil conditions. The study confirmed that the potato no-till mulching cultivation technique, as a simple and efficient agricultural practice, can significantly reduce labor costs and production time while mitigating resource waste and environmental pollution, making it suitable for promotion in Jilin Province and similar regions.