Soil organic carbon pool is an important part of the global carbon cycle, changes of its accumulation and decomposition have a direct impact on the global carbon balance. The accumulation and decomposition of organic carbon in soil was affected by the stability of organic carbon. The stabilization mechanism of soil organic carbon includes refractory of organic carbon, interaction of organic carbon and particles and aggregates protection mechanisms. Factors influencing the stability of organic carbon include characters of soil and external factors, and these factors interact with each other. Studies in the future should strengthen research on the relationship between physical stability of organic carbon and chemical bonding mechanism in order to promote the study of organic carbon, and provide a basis for soil carbon sequestration and fertility.