Based on the relevant data of Jilin Province from 1978 to 2016, the author focuses on the factor of land policy and establishes regression model and impulse response function to make an empirical analysis of the relationship between land policy and other related variables and cultivated land quality. The results show that the evolution of land policy has a significant impact on the quality of cultivated land since the reform and opening up. In the short term, land policy has a certain guiding effect on the quality of cultivated land, and in the long term, the impact of land policy on the quality of cultivated land is weakened. In addition, agricultural labor force, fertilizer use, agricultural mechanization, economic development and other factors are also the main factors causing changes in the quality of cultivated land. Accordingly, the corresponding policy implications are drawn.