From the perspective of agriculture, this paper analyzes the differences between agricultural carbon emissions and economic growth in the two core areas of Xinjiang and Fujian in’The Belt and Road’initiative and provides a theoretical reference for the construction of green’The Belt and Road’. The paper uses the carbon emission coefficient method to calculate the agricultural carbon emissions in Xinjiang and Fujian from 1996 to 2016, and constructs the decoupling elastic model to compare the decoupling between agricultural carbon emissions and economic growth in two provinces. The results showed that total carbon emissions is about 5 times that of Fujian. The average annual growth rate of Xinjiang is nearly 3.85 times that of Fujian. In the carbon source ranking, fertilizer and agricultural film are the main carbon sources in Xinjiang, while fertilizer and diesel are the main carbon sources in Fujian.The carbon emissions from the six types of carbon sources are different in the two core areas. In terms of decoupling relationship, the ideal decoupling state accounts for 40% of the year in Xinjiang, and the situation is still unstable.In Fujian Province, weak decoupling is the main factor, accounting for 75% of the research period. The relationship between agricultural carbon emissions and economic growth is significant. On the whole, there are great differences in agricultural carbon emissions and decoupling relationship between the two core areas. The response of agricultural carbon emissions and agricultural economic growth in Xinjiang is weaker than that in Fujian.