This paper analyzes the impact of urbanization on the quality of life of rural residents in Xinjiang, so as to provide reference for balancing urban and rural development and improving the quality of life of rural residents in Xinjiang. Based on the statistical yearbook data from 2004 to 2016, an evaluation index system for urbanization and rural residents’ quality of life was established, and a multivariate linear regression analysis model was established to conduct statistical analysis and comprehensive evaluation. The results showed that the urbanization level of Xinjiang and the quality of life of rural residents had increased steadily in the past 13 years, and the improvement rate of rural residents’ quality of life had gradually increased with the improvement of urbanization level. The construction of urban infrastructure and convenient living facilities is positively correlated with the quality of life of rural residents, and urban environmental sanitation is weakly related. Therefore, improving the income level of rural residents, improving rural infrastructure construction, and creating a good ecological environment will help improve the quality of life of rural residents in Xinjiang.