International trade of agricultural products has not only economic functions, but also political connection to a certain extent. This paper uses the gravity model to analyze the impact of China’s agricultural export price fluctuation on agricultural product export trade and its transmission mechanism. The results showed that China’s current FTA can promote the trade of agricultural products, but the effect is limited. The export price fluctuation of agricultural products has a significant inhibitory effect on export. China’s agricultural export price fluctuation comes from the fluctuation of production cost and RMB exchange rate. Therefore, we should strengthen South-South cooperation, expand the network of free trade zones, reduce the impact of agricultural production costs on China’s agricultural trade, and accelerate the internationalization of RMB to promote the development of China’s agricultural export trade.