In this study, cold ecological region of Jilin Province and Xuzhou ecological region were used as experimental sites to explore the impact of environmental effects on sweet potato quality in cold ecological region and the differences of environmental effects among multiple sites across a large latitude, and to study the variation law of main quality traits of sweet potato under different ecological environments. The results showed that the dry matter content of sweet potato was greatly affected by environmental effects, while starch, reducing sugar, protein, soluble sugar and carotene were mainly affected by the interaction between varieties and environment, and the anthocyanin content of purple sweet potato was significantly affected by latitude span.