In order to explore the changes of culturable microbial groups in vermiculite substrate after the control of potato scab, dilution plate method was used to isolate and culture culturable microorganisms in vermiculite substrate after control and 16 S rDNA sequence and its sequences were used to quickly identify the culturable microorganisms. The results showed that DW2 treatment had a better performance and the prevention and treatment effect was 56.93%,the total amount of microorganisms was about 8.15×10⁷ CFU·g^-1, in which the bacterial group accounted for about 80.53%, including 4 genera of Pseudomonas and Chryseobacterium. The actinomycetes group accounted for 19.40% of the total microorganism, including 4 genera of Streptomyces and Kocuria. The fungi group accounted for about 0.08%, including 2 genera of Penicillium and Fusarium. The number of cultured microorganisms in the control group was about 9.19×10⁷ CFU·g^-1, among which the bacterial group accounted for about 74.13%, including 6 genera such as Pseudomonas, Rhizobium. The actinomycetes accounted for about 25.25%, including 4 genera such as Streptomyces, Microbacterium. The fungi group accounted for about 0.62%, including 6 genera of Verticillium,Acremonium. The above results provide important information for the control and occurrence of disease-associated microorganism.