Farmers’ agricultural investment is related to China’s agricultural modernization, sustainable development and international competitiveness of agricultural products. Based on the panel data of 18 provinces along the Belt and Road, this paper empirically analyzed the impact of rural human capital on farmers’ agricultural investment. Results showed that:Rural human capital embodied in education and health was an important factor affecting farmers’ agricultural investment, and the positive effect of educational human capital on farmer’s agricultural investment was more significant than health human capital. Marginal effect of education human capital and healthy human capital had certain regional differences, that is, the marginal effect of the eastern region along the line is greater than that of the western region along the line. High quality human capital had a general negative effect on farmers’ agricultural investment, it indicated that the loss of labor force caused by the promotion of high-quality human capital in rural areas which did not match agricultural production. In addition, farmers’ income, government financial support for agriculture and local road development had a significant impact on farmers’ agricultural investment.