In this paper, the effects of organic-inorganic fertilizer on the growth and soil physical and chemical properties of Populus alba var. pyramidalis were studied, in order to provide a theoretical basis for the scientific application of organic fertilizer in seedling raising. The experiment was carried out under field conditions and set 5 treatments as control（T1）, nitrogen（T2）, nitrogen and phosphorus（T3）, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium（T4） and combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers（T5）, which was designed by plot experiment and repeated 3 times. The results showed that the plant height of T5 was 49.01 cm and 32.90 cm higher than that of T1 and T2, respectively. The dry matter of root, stem and leaf of T5 was 85.11%, 53.73% and 43.82% higher than that of T1, respectively. The sucrase, urease and catalase in T5 were 52.66%, 173.91% and 189.55% higher than those in T1 and T2, respectively. The total microbial biomass of T5 was 221.55% and 58.06% higher than that of T1 and T4, respectively. There was no significant difference among T2, T3 and T4. Compared with T1 and T4, T5 non capillary void increased by 5.58% and 4.91%, and bulk density increased by 7.36%. T5 increased the content of soil organic matter,decreased the pH value, and increased the available nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium by183.14 mg/kg, 10.77 mg/kg and 145.03 mg/kg, respectively. Comprehensive analysis showed that T5 treatment had the best effect on promoting the growth of Populus alba var. pyramidalis and improving soil physical and chemical properties.