In order to study the effects of cellulose degrading bacteria N32 on barley straw returning, the pothole test method was adopted and three treatments were set up. Treatment 1 was soil without bactericide and straw（as control group CK）, treatment 2 was straw and soil mixture（JT）, and treatment 3 was straw treated with microbial agent and soil mixture（JJT）, and analyzed the changes of soil nutrient content, soil enzyme activity and straw degradation. The results showed that the pretreatment effect of 2.0% polyethylene glycol reagent was the best, and the weight loss rate of straw was 13.9%. JJT effectively reduced soil pH value, increased soil organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients and soil urease, cellulase, alkaline phosphatase enzyme activities. And the straw weightlessness rate of the applied microbial agent was 17.95% in 40 days, increased by 40.78% compared to CK. Thus, cellulose degradation bacteria N32 on straw returning had a certain role in promoting, accelerated the rotting speed of straw,and improved soil fertility.