Through the methods of cointegration test, Granger causality test, impulse response and variance decomposition, we select the relevant macroeconomic data of China’s agriculture from 1999 to 2016 to study the dynamic relationship between the basic types of agricultural technological progress and the total agricultural output. The results show that there is a long-term cointegration relationship between technological innovation, technology introduction and technology imitation and agricultural output in China, but the impact of different paths on agricultural output is different: The impact of technological innovation on agricultural output is long-term and gradually becomes dominant. The contribution of technology introduction and technology imitation to agricultural output has gradually increased, but the growth rate of its contribution rate is lower than that of technological innovation.