In order to better understand the evolution law of fragile land ecosystem in karst areas and the rational use of land resources, five different land use modes, namely farmland, natural grassland, abandoned farmland, forest land and artificial grassland, were selected in Huishui County, Guizhou Province, to study the physical and chemical properties and heavy metal content of the soil and conduct a comprehensive evaluation. The results showed that the soil in the study area was acidic, and its physical and chemical properties generally met the needs of crop growth.The effects of different land use methods on soil bulk density, soil porosity, and pH are small. The individual contents of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the soil vary. After evaluating the soil nutrients under different land use methods, it was concluded that the highest value of the farmland was positive, and the rest were negative values.The heavy metal content in the soil indicated that the Cd content in the study area was higher, which was in line with the Guizhou Province soil heavy metal background value. After comprehensively evaluating soil nutrients and heavy metal content, the soil under different land use methods in Huishui was comprehensively evaluated. It was concluded that the forest land had the highest SQI value and the lowest natural grassland, indicating that both positive and negative effect indicators could affect soil quality. Based on the conclusions of this study, the soil quality in this area is better and the pollution is lighter. The research provided a scientific basis for improving the productivity of karst rocky desertification land.