The comprehensive comparative advantage index method is used to calculate the regional comparative advantage of potato cultivation in China, and the panel data of China's provinces from 2011 to 2018 are used to carry out regression analysis on its influencing factors. The results showed that: The major potato producing provinces' efficiency advantage index（EAI） in China was higher than 0.5, and the scale advantage index（SAI） of each province decreased generally. The average values of aggregated advantage index（AAI） in Qinghai, Gansu, and other provinces were all larger than 1. Production input and agricultural technology have a significant positive impact on the three comparative advantages. Planting conditions only have a significant positive impact on SAI and AAI. Economic level only has a significant positive impact on SAI, while planting scale is a ’double-edged sword’. Natural endowment and policy support have a positive impact on any comparative advantage, but not significant.