In order to explore the effect of returning straw to the soil on the soil nutrients in the black soil rice area of Northeast China, a field experiment was conducted in Gongpeng Town, Yushu City, Jilin Province. In this experiment, Jijing 816 and Jijing 88 were used as test materials, with two treatments of full straw return（S） and no straw return（S₀） were set up for the study. The results show that: full straw return（S） treatment significantly affects soil bulk density and porosity, lowered soil pH, improved soil aeration, and increased soil nutrient content, soil total nitrogen content by 5.88%-7.92%. The content of total phosphorus was increased by 13.41%-13.75%. The content of total potassium was increased by 5.61%-5.79%, the alkali nitrogen content increased by 6.05%-8.41%, the available phosphorus content increased by 11.03%-14.00%, the available potassium content increased by 24.66%-26.08%,organic matter content increased by 3.20%-3.48%. Rice yield components, biological yield, harvest index were higher than S0, and the measured yield reached a significantly different level.