In order to reveal the effects of different planting years of Gentiana on soil microbial community structure and to provide theoretical basis for artificial cultivation of Gentiana, the effects of Gentiana on soil enzyme activity,soil microbial community AWCD, soil microbial community richness and soil microbial community diversity index were studied by using Biolog-Eco plate method.The results showed that in 0-20 cm soil layer, soil urease activity and sucrase activity reached the highest in the 3rd year of cultivation, while there was no significant difference in soil catalase activity in the 3rd, 5th and 7th years, and soil enzyme activity was higher than CK in all planting years.Shannon index also showed a decreasing trend with the extension of planting years. At the same time, AWCD in 0-20 cm soil layer showed a trend of gradual increase with the extension of culture time, and the overall utilization capacity of soil microbial carbon sources was in the following order: 3 years of planting ＞ 1 year of planting ＞ 5 years of planting ＞ 7 years of planting ＞CK, and the carbon source utilization capacity of soil microbial community in 0-20 cm soil layer was higher than that in 20-40 cm soil layer under different planting years. As a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, long-term continuous cultivation of Gentiana has a great impact on soil enzyme activity, AWCD value, abundance and diversity of microbial community. Therefore, it is suggested that artificial cultivation of Gentiana should fully meet the ecological and environmental growth requirements, and reasonably change the cultivation environment to increase the total amount of soil microorganisms, which can increase the yield of Gentiana.