Potato scab is a widespread and significant soil-borne disease that severely impacts the yield and quality of potatoes worldwide. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the pathogen characteristics, pathogenic mechanisms, influencing factors, and control strategies associated with potato scab. The disease is primarily caused by various pathogenic Streptomyces species, whose virulence is affected by specific environmental factors such as soil pH. A thorough understanding of the biological traits of these pathogens is essential for effective disease control.This study explores the roles of varietal resistance, soil health, and other environmental and biological factors in the occurrence and spread of scab disease, and it summarizes current control measures, including the development of resistant cultivars, soil and crop management, as well as innovations and optimizations in chemical and biological control methods. Additionally, future research directions are highlighted, emphasizing the importance of molecular breeding, microbial ecology, environmental factor analysis, and precision agricultural technologies for improving disease control efficacy. This paper provides a scientific basis for the integrated management of potato scab, offering critical insights for the sustainable development of the potato industry and the safeguarding of food security.