In this study, 160 peanut germplasm specimens cultivated and collected were used as research materials to conduct trial planting, categorization, and screening of peanut germplasm resources in Jilin Province. Yieldrelated traits were analyzed using variation analysis, correlation analysis, principal component analysis, and cluster analysis. The results of variation analysis showed that the coefficients of variation for the number of single-plant fruits, single-plant fruit weight, and main stem height were relatively high. Furthermore, correlation analysis indicated a positive association between yield and fertility period, number of single-plant fruits, and single-plant fruit weight. Conversely, a negative association was observed between yield and main stem height, lateral branch length, and number of branches. Moreover, principal component analysis demonstrated that the cumulative contribution rate of the first three principal components was 83.883%. The analysis indicated that the first three principal components contained the majority of the information about peanut yield-related traits. Cluster analysis classified the 160 peanut accessions into three distinct groups. Ten elite germplasms were selected based on comprehensive scores. These results provide material support for selecting peanut germplasm suitable for cultivation in Jilin Province and breeding new high-yield peanut varieties.